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Pole of Cold
The Poles of Cold are the places in the southern and northern hemispheres where the lowest air temperatures have been recorded.
==Southern hemisphere==
In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in Antarctica, at the Russian (formerly Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok at . On July 21, 1983, this station recorded a temperature of . This is the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded on Earth. Vostok station's location at the elevation of above sea level, far removed from the moderating influence of oceans (more than from the nearest sea coast), and high latitude that results in almost three months of civil polar night every year (early May to end of July), all combine to produce an environment where temperatures rarely rise above during summer and frequently fall below in winter. By comparison, the South Pole, due to its lower elevation, is, on average, 5 to 10 °C (9 to 18 °F) warmer than Vostok, and the lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole is .
It is generally thought that Vostok is not the coldest place in Antarctica, and there are locations (notably, Dome A) that are modestly colder on average. Monitoring stations in Antarctica are few and far between; prior to 1995, Vostok was the only research station on the Antarctic Plateau above the elevation of , with no other stations for several hundreds of kilometers in any direction. Temperatures below , if they did occur elsewhere, would not have been recorded. The automatic weather station at Dome A was only installed in 2005, and has recorded as the coldest so far (2010). However a review of satellite measurements taken between 2010 - 2013 found several places located along a ridge between Dome A and Dome F which recorded even lower temperatures of -92 to -94 °C, with the lowest reliable temperature being -93.2 °C recorded in 2010, at 81.8 °S, 59.3 °E, at an elevation of 3900 meters. The extreme low temperatures are found in hollows slightly below the peak of the ice ridge, where cold air gets trapped as it flows downhill, and since the same low temperature ranges were detected at several different sites along the ridge across multiple years, it is thought this may be the lowest temperature achievable under local atmospheric conditions.〔(Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite. BBC News, 9 December 2013 )〕〔(Landsat 8 Helps Unveil the Coldest Place On Earth )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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